Unit
PSYCHOLOGY AT A GLANCE
Psychology studies the activities of individual. The science of human behaviors is actually a group of sciencees. On one side we find psychology investigating the organs and cells that do the work of organism, and the other side we see the social sciences studying nations and group of mankind. There is room for a middle science thats shall focus its attention on the individual. That middle science is psychology. Psychology studies the individual’s activities through –out his span of life, from the beginning before birth, up through the end of life. During this life history, the Man remains the same individual, although his behavior shows continuity along with many changes.
Psychologic compares childern and adults, the normal and the abnormal and the human and the animal. It is interested in the differences between one individual and another, and still more interested, if possible, in the general laws of activity including event of very different individuals-laws, for example, of growth, learning, thinking and emotion. Psychology can be defined as the science of the individual’s activities.
The word “activity” is use here in a broad sense. It includes not only motor activities like walking and speaking but also cognitive (knowledge-getting) activities like seeing, hearing, remembering, thinking, and other emotional activities like laughing and crying, or feeling happyor sad. These last may seem passive, because they are activities, for they depend on the life of the organism. Any manifestation of life can be called an activity. No matter how passive an individual may seem to himself in watching the game or listening to music, he is really carrying on an activity. The only way to be completely in active is to be dead.
Glossary
Behaviors : tingkah laku
Attention : perhatian
Mankind : orang
Remains : tetap
Defined : diartikan, didefinisikan
Manifestation : Perwujudan
Exercise 1
Answer these following questions
1. What is psychology?
2. Name some individual activities.
3. Give example(s) of motor, cognitive, and emotional activities.
4. Is listening to music is a kind of activity? Why? Why not?
5. What is meant by: the science of human behavior is actually a group of sciences?
6. When do we call an individual completely inactive?
7. The word “activity” is used in a very broad of sense. What does it mean?
8. What kind of activity is happening when you write a letter to your girl or boy friend?
9. Why do we study human behavior?
10. What causes te differences between individuals?
LANGUAGE WORK
A sentence is group of words constructed orderly. It needs certain rules how to put the words into a sentence. First of all, we have to analyze the parts of speech, that is, the classification of the world. Traditionally, a word in English is divided into four parts of speech, namely, noun, adjective, verb, and adverb. Look at these examples.
1. Psychology compares childern and adults.
Psychology : noun
Compares : verb
Childern : noun
2. The word “activity” is used here in a very broad sense.
Word : noun here : adverb
Activity : noun very : adverb
Is : verb broad : adjective
Used : verb sense : noun
Behavior, attention, childhood, adolescence, maturity, motoractivity, cogitive activity, emotional activity, investigates
1. His loves his mother very much. When his mother was sick, he showed his...
2. When he was child, he never plated toys. He really had an un happy....
3. Their...... towards me shows that they do no like me. It can be proved from how they look at me. When we meet, they always look away for me.
4. When a boy or girl gets biological changes and psychological changes (puberty), he or she enters in the.......... era.
5. When baby learns how to take a walk and how to talk, he develops his..........
6. It is common for a mother to make her baby smile by doing a funny thing. Often, she does not get smiling and crying, even laughing, is good for a baby because at such time he develops his......
7. There was a mysterious murder. The police get difficulties to handle this case and look for the murderer. Finally they ask some detectives to....... this case.
8. In Javanese culture when a baby is just delivered by a mother, the other people always try to wake the baby up by making aloud noise. The baby, of course, is suprised. But it is good for him because he develops h
Unit
SINGMUND FREUD (1856 – 1939)
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian doctor who explored the working of human mind. He developed psychanalysis, wich is both a way treating neurosis, or mental disturbances, and a theory of how the mind works.
Freud was born in Moravia, now part of Czechoslovakia. When he was four, his family moved to Vienna, Austria. Freud entered the University of Vienna when he was 17. One day he attended a lecture on nature. He was so fascinated that he made up his mind to become a doctor.
Freud became interested in diseases of the mind. In 1855, he won a fellowship to study in Paris under the guidance of a doctor , Jean Martin Chariot, who was famous for his work on this kind of diseases. The next year, Freud returned to Vienna, married, and began to treat diseases of the mind.
Freud has great insight into the human mind. He thought that every person is born with certain needs, he said, are unconscious- people are not a ware of thiking about such needs. Freud named the part of mind controlling these instinctive unconscious need the id, and said that person’s id operates to give pleasure.
Freud also said that, as we grow up from infancy, we acquire an ego, a collection of memories and thoughts that help us deal with the word around us. We continue to grow, and from the teaching of our family and society, we develop a superego- a conscience. Our superego and id often push in opposite ways. Our ego usually reduces this conflict by helping us to get pleasure without “hurting” our conscience.
But if person unconscious thoughts and needs a very strong, they may cause unusual behavior, or neurosis. Freud’s treatment for neurosis is psychoanalysis (examination of the mind), a method for uncovering this unconscious thoughts and understanding how they cause problems, Freud thoughts that dreams – even dreamsthat seem to make no sense- are a very important clue to understanding the mind.
Glossary
Explore : menyelidiki
Neurosis : gangguan jiwa
Disturbances : gangguan
Fascinated : tertarik, terpesona
Diseases : penyakit
Fellowship : beasiswa
Insight : perhatian, wawasan
Unconscious : tidak sadar
Id : keinginan, nafsu
Ego : tindakan untuk mendapatkan keinginan
Superego : norma (yang mengontrol tindakan / ego)
Pleasure : kesenangan
Infancy : mas kecil
Acquire : mendapatkan
Uncovering : menemukan
Exercise 1
Answer these following questions based on the above text,
1. When was Sigmund Freud born?
2. How old did he die?
3. What was he concerned with?
4. When did he join University? What major did he study?
5. Why did he want to be a doctor?
6. Who is Jean Martin Chariot?
7. According to Freud, food and drink are unconscious needs. What did he say so?
8. These needs, he sad, are unconscious – people are no aware of thinking about such needs. What does “dash” (-)” mean?
9. Mention the examples of conscious needs and don’t forget to explain each.
10. What do id, ego, and superego mean? Explain by giving examples of each?
Conscious, make his mind up, fellowship, fascinate, and acquire, disturbance, dealing, and ego.
1. He always confused to choose wich girl he should marry. His friends tells him to... wich girl he tends to marry quickly.
2. He is a smart students but poor. He wants to enter the University without paying anything. His uncle, then, asks him to join a..........program.
3. My child is always interested in toys- cars and always asks me to buy them. One day we want to shopping in delta plaza. Suddenly he stopped in front of a car- shop and pointed out the big car. A master of fact, he was.......... by the car, wich was like his toy- car. And do you know what happened? He asked me to by that car!
4. He wasin come for days, but now he is fully........ Again.
5. Some students say, that they study hard because they want to get reward from thetr parrents. Some want to obtain good marks and some other want to............. knowledge only.
6. .................. Some problems we have to discuss, would you please attend the meeting scheduled on Saturday night, 17 August 1945 at my house. Because it is very urgent, no execuse for you not to come to the meeting. Thanks a lot.
LANGUAGE WORK
A sentences is a group of words that can be used to communicate ideas in writing and is speech. It must at least, have a subject and predicate (verb), look at these examples :
Sigmund Freud was an Australian doctor
S V C
He developed psychoanalysis
S V O
Remember.
- Subject is the word (words) that names a person a thing or a plane that a sentence is about. It usually a noun or pronoun.
- Predicate /verb is a statement about a subject. It expresses an action.
UNIT THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES*
3
From : be + ing ( present participle )
Meaning : The progressive tenses give the idea that an action is in progress
during a particular time.
The tenses say that an action begins before, is in progress
during, and continues after another time of action.
PRESENT (a) He is sleeping He went to sleep at
PROGRESSIVE right now. 10.00 to night. It is
now 11.00 and he is
still sleep. His sleep
began in the past, is in
progress at the present
time, and probably
will continue.
PAST PROGRESSIVE (b) He was sleeping He went to sleep
when I arrived. at 10.00 last night. I
arrived at 11.00. He
was still a sleep. His
sleep began before
and was in progress at
a particular time in
the past. It probably
continued.
FUTURE (c) He will be sleeping when He will go to sleep at
PROGRESSIVE we arrive. 10.00 tomorrow to
night. We will arrive
at 11.00. The action
sleeping will begin
before we arrive at it
well be in progress at
a particular time in
the future. Probably
his sleep will continue
3. THE PERFECT TENSES
From : have + past participle
Meaning : The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happens before
another time or event.
PRESENT PERFECT (a) I have already eaten. I finished eating
Sometime before now.
The exact tome is not
important.
PAST PERFECT (b) I had already eaten First i finished eating.
When they arrived. Later they arrived. My
eating was completely
finished before
another time in the
past.
FUTURE PERFECT (c) i will already have eaten when First i will finish
They arrive. eating. Later they will
Arrive. my eating will
Be completely
finished before
another time in the
future.
1-4 THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES
From : have + been + - ing (present participle)
Meaning : The perfect progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress
immediately before, up to until another time or event. The tenses are used to express
the duranon of the first event.
PRESENT PERFECT (a) I have been studying for Event in progress
PROGRESSIVE two hours. studying. When ?
Before now, up to now
How long ? for two
hours.
PAST PERFECT (b) I had been studying for Event in progress
PROGRESSIVE two hours before my friend studying. When ?
came. Before another event in
the past. How long ?
for two hours.
FUTURE PERFECT (c) I will have been studying Event in progress
PROGRESSIVE for two hours by the time studying. When ?
you arrive. Before another event
in the future.
How long ? For two
hours.
EXERCISE 1. Used either SIMPLE PRESENT or the PRESENT PROGRESSIVE of the verb in parentheses.
- I can’t afford that ring. It (cost)___________________ too much.
- Look. It (begin)____________ to rain. ( Unfortunately, I have not)________
my umbrella with me. Tom is lucky. He (wear) a raincoat.
3. I (own, not) ________________ an umbrella. I (wear) __________________
a waterproof hat on rainy days.
4. Right now I (look)________________ around the classroom. Yoko (write)__
_____ in her bok. Carlos (bite)__________ his pencil. Wan-Ning (scratch)__
_____ his head. Ahmed to be daydreaming, but perhaps he (think)_________
hard about verb tenses. What (think, you)________ Ahmed (do)__________?
5. There’s a book on my desk, but it (belong, not)___________ to me.
6. Dennis (fix)_________ the roof of his house today, and he (need)__________
some help. Can you help him.
7. Barbara (tutor, often)___________ other students in her math assignment –
because she (work) -____________ on their class this week.
8. Right now I (look)__________ at Janet. She (look)_________ angry.
I wonder what’s the matter. She (have)________ a frown on her face. She-
certainly (have, not)__________ any fun right now.
9. A. Who is that woman who (stand)____________ next to the window?
B. Which woman? (talk, you)____________ about the woman who (wear)____
____ the blue and gold dress?
A : No, I (talk, not)____________ about her. I (mean)________ the woman who
(wear)____________ the blue suit.
B : Oh, I (know, not)___________. I (recognize, not)_________ her.
10. A : Close your eyes. Now listen carefully. What (hear, you)_____________?
what (do, i)__________?
B : I (believe)___________ you (rub)_________ the top if your desk with your
hand.
A : Close, but not exactly right. Try again. (listen, you)_______ carefully?
B : Aha! You (rub)___________ you hands together.
A : Right!
EXERCISE 2 : Use the SIMPLE PAST or the PAST PROGRESSIVE.
1. I (have, almost)___________ a car accident last night.
I (drive)__________ down Washington Avenue when suddenly I (see)________
a car in my lane. It (come)___________ right at my car, I (step)______________
on the brakes and (swerve)___________ to the right. The other car (miss, just)
_____________ my car about an inch.
2. Ten year ago, the goverment (decided)__________ to begin a food program.
At the time, many people in the rural areas of the country (starve)_____________
due to several years of drought.
3. It was my first day of class. I (find, finally)_____________ the right room.
The room (be, already)_____________ full of students. On one side of the room,
students (talk, busily)___________ to each other on spanish. Other students
(speak)_____________ japanese, and some (converse)__________ in arabic.
It sounded like the United nations. Some of students, however, (sit, just)_______
____ quetly by themselves. I (choose)________ an empty seat in the last row and
(sit)_________ down. In a few minutes, the teacher (walk)_________ into the
room and all the multilingual conversation (stop)_______.
4. A : (hear, you)__________ what she just said?
B : No, I (listen, not)____________ I (think)_______ about something else.
5. A : Why weren’t you at the meeting?
B : I ( wait)___________ for an overseas call from my family.
6. A : I’m sure yoy meet Carol Jones at the party last night.
B : I don’t remember her. What ( , she)_________ ?
7. A : What’s wrong with your foot?
B : I (step)_____________ on a bee while I (run)______ barefoot through the
grass. It (sting)__________me.
8. A : How (break, you)__________ your warm?
B : I (slip)____________ on the ice while I (cross)________ the street in front
of drom.
1-14 USING EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE WITH PROGRESSIVE TENSES
(A) Kay is studying in her room An expression of place can
(B) Kay is in the room studying sometimes come beetwen the
(C) Jack was in bed reading a - auxiliary be and the-ing verb in a
progressive tense, as in (b) and (c)
EXERCISE 3 : in the following, change the position of the expression of place.
1. Sally is listening to the music in her room. Sally is in the room listening to
music.
2. Roy is taking a nap on the couch.
3. Anita was attending a conference in England last month.
4. The teacher is correcting papers at her desk.
5. Some of students were late to class because they were playing soccer at
the park.
EXERCISE 4 : Use the SIMPLE PAST or the PRESENT PERFECT. In some
sentences, either tense is possible but the meaning is different.
1. I (attend, not) any parties since I came here.
2. A1 (go) to a party at Sally’s apartement last Saturday night.
3. Bill (arrive) here three days ago.
4. Bill (be) here since the 22nd.
5. Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You (miss,
already) you many classes. You (miss) two
classes just last week.
6. Last January, I (see) snow for the first time in my life.
7. In her whole lifetime, Anna (see, never) snow.
8. I (know) Greg Adams for ten years.
9. So far this week, I (have)___________ two tests and a quiz.
10. Up tonow, Profesor Williams (give)____________ our class five tests.
EXERCISE 5-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Answer the question in a complete sentence
Example: How many tests have you taken since the beginning of the (semester)?
Response: I have taken (three, several, many) tests since the beginning of the
(semester). OR: I haven’t taken any tests since the beginning of the (semester).
1. How many books have you bought since the beginning of the (semester)?
2. How many letters have you gotten so far this month/or week?
3. How many letters have you written since the beginning of the month/week?
4. How many question have I asked so far?
5. How many times have you flown in an airplane?
6. How many people have you met since you came here?
EXERCISE 6: Use the SIMPLE PAST or the PAST PERFECT. Are there some blanks where either tense is possible?
1. He(be)____________ a newspapper reporter before he (become)_____________ a businessman.
2. I(fell)_________ a little better after I (take)_________ the medicine.
3. I was late the teacher (give, already)__________ a quiz when I (get)___________ to class.
4. The anthropologist (leave)___________ the village when she (collect)________ enough data.
5. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be)__________ over, the rain (stop)___________ .
EXERCISE 7 : Use the SIMPLE PAST or the PAST PERFECT.
1. Class (begin, already)__________ by the time I (get)____________ there,
so I (make, quietly)___________ aseat in the back.
2. Millions of year ago (roam)___________ the earth, but they ( ) extinct
by the time humankind first ( )_____________.
3. ( )____________ any of Picasso’s painting before I (visit)__________
the art of museum.
4. I almost missed my plane. All of the other passengers
(board, already)_________ by the time I (get)___________ there.
5. Yesterday at a restaurant, I (see)___________ Pam Donnely, an old friends of
mine. I (see, not)____________ her because she (lose)___________ at lest fifty
pounds.
UNIT ON BEING SHY
4 How I wish I weren’t Shy !
Preview the topic
1. Is it difficult for you to ask strangers for the directions of information?
2. Do you let others make decision for you because you are afraid to speak up?
3. When you are with people who talk with other easily, do you wish you were
able to do that?
4. In what situations do you feel Shy and uncomfortable?
How many times have you felt angry with your self because you were too shy to speak up when you really wanted to have to conversation with other person? Are parties time for standing in the corner and watching others chat and dance – afraid to join them? Do you listen to discussions but do not give your opinions because you think you are not smart enough? Do you wish you be friendly but don’t know how? All these thought lead to unhappy feelings.
This kind of unhappiness comes about not because other people are trying to hurt us. We make this unhappiness for our selves. Naturally, we really don’t to hurt ourselves, but often we group up thinking we are not as good as other- we are inferior; everyone is better, smarter, and more interesting. These negative thoughts make us shy. Why do we do this to ourselves? Only a psychologist can discover the reason. It is interesting to note that very large numbers of people are shy. There is, however good news. If we want to go rid shyness, it can be done.
We can help ourselves be rid of shyness. No body is perfect, and everybody has good qualities. Is it fair to pay attention to our imperfections and overlook our good qualities? Definitely not! The following suggestions may be helpful in reducing shyness.
1. First, understand that you cannot eliminate shyness overnight. It is a slow process that
you must work in gradually.
2. Think about situations when being shy is most painful. Perhaps your biggest problem
is making small talk with a stranger at a party. In that case, prepare yourself with some
interesting current news to talk about. The weather is a tropic often used for starting
conversation.
3. Getting the other person to talk about himself / herself is a cleaver idea. Many people
enjoy talking about them selves-or giving there opinions. For example, you can say
something like, “I notice you like modern jewelry; your rings are very unusual. Did
you design them yourself?”. This can be the start of a friendship.
4. Whenever you begin making negative comparisons between yourself and others, force
yourself to stop doing that immediately. Take your thought of yourself. Observe other
and think of a compliment with wich to start a conversation with someone.
5. If you are shy at work where there are many coworkers, choose the last intimidating
person to the perhaps have coffee with or make casual small talk with.
6. Know that if in effort to socialize sometimes is unsuccessful, it happens to everyone
now and then. Feel proud of yourself for making the effort.
7. If you are required to give a report to a group, tell them that you feel nervous. This
feeling is quite natural, and everyone can sympathize. Expressing that group will make
you feel better.
8. Think about your good qualities and believe that you are as a good as anyone else…
Because you are!
9.Take a course in developing self-convidence or read books on the subject.
Life is much more enjoyable for people who are not shy.
Comperhension Check
TRUE / FALSE
Are the following statements true or false? Circle the correct answers.
1. Not many people are shy. T F
2. Other make us shy. T F
3. Shy people have negative thoughts about themselves. T F
4. At a party, try to speak with at least one person.
This is a first step in fighting shyness. T F
5. Giving someone a compliment is a good
why to start small talk. T F
6. Shyness should be kept a secret. T F
7. Every persons has good qualities. T F
8. We can quickly eliminate shyness
when we decide to do that. T F
9. We can reduce shyness with a step-by-step plan. T F
10. Only perfect people are not shy. T F
Vocabulary Development
Fill the blanks with appropriate words from the list to complete the following sentence.
Compliments gradually
opinions
Current intimidating
perfect
Discovered naturally
process
Discussions negative
suggestions
Eliminate observe
sympathized
1.Yolanda was very sad when her cat died, and all her friends_________ with her.
They knew how much she loved her cat.
2. Paul wants to became a doctor._____________, he has to go to school for many years
and work very hard.
3. When Debbie said she wanted to go to
many____________ before deciding to let her go.
4. It is interesting to____________ how students act on the first day of school. Some are
relaxed, but most are shy and uncomfortable.
5. Many little children sleep with a small light on their room, because darkness
is______________ to them.
6. Kaisha didn’t like her new haircut at all, but she knew hair would grow long
again______________.
7. When Maria goes to a party, shes loves to get__________ on her pretty dress.
8. Stephen loves to shop in department stores. He always gives away his old clothes and
wears the______________ fashions.
