END OF UNIT

(e) It was such a foggy day that we couldn't see the road noun:

Such + adjective +noun+ that


(f) The coffee is so hot that I
can't drink it
(g) I'm so hungry that I could eat
a horse
So That encloses an adjective
or adverb;
so +
y+ that
^adjective Or I Adverb

(h) She speak so fast that I can't
understand her
(i) He walked so quickly that I'
couldn't keep up with him little So That is used with
many, few, much, and.

(j) She made so many mistakes that she failed the exam
(k) He has so few friends that he is always lonely
(1) She has so much money that she can buy whatever she wants
(m) He had so little trouble with the test that he left twenty minutes early.
little So That is used with
many, few, much, and little

(n) It was such a good book ( that) I couldn't put it down
(o) I was so hungry (that) I didn't wait for dinner to eat something.
Sometimes, primarily in speaking, that is omitted
Exercise 11 : Combine the following sentences by using so that or
such that.
1. This tea is good .1 think I'll have another cup. _ This tea is so good that I think I'll have another cup
2. This is good tea . I think I'll have another cup.
— This is such good tea that I think I'll have another cup.
3. The car was expensive . We couldn't afford to buy it.


UNIT 12

Before Reading this passage, answer these questions.
1. Has your IQ ever been measured? What is the result?
2. How can we say someone is smart and another is stupid?
3. What is/are the difference(s) between human beings and animals?


INTELLIGENCE

Scientists define intelligence as a ability to learn or to understand. People who are intelligent learn what they are taught easily and quickly. Intelligent persons also remember what they have learned. This knowledge can then be used in new situations or problems. Intelligent person faced with some problems or situations that they have never met before will use their knowledge and memory of situations in the past to solve the problem.

Many psychologist believe that intelligence can be measured with various kinds of tests. These scientists believe that if a person can deal intelligently with some problems in a test, he or she will also deal intelligently with problems in everyday life.

Psychologists express the results of an intelligence test in a number called an IQ (intelligence quotient). T determine this number, they first give tests to find the person's mental age. Two young people of 8 and 16 may both have a mental age of 12. The younger person has obviously developed faster than the older. But their mental age does not show difference in their rates of mental growth. The mental age of the younger person is far above his or her chronological age (age in years). But the older person's mental age is far below his or her chronological age. Therefore, psychologists developed the formula.

MA (mental age)
IQ= x
100
CA (chronological
ag£)
This means that the person's mental age is divided by his or her chronological age. The quotient is multiplied'by 100, and the number that


results is the IQ. This number represents the way that someone's intelligence compares with that of other people of his or her age. The 8-year-old person's IQ is 150, the 16-year-old's is 75.

But many people believe that intelligence tests do not really measure someone's ability. Many test seem to measure what someone has learned rather than how quickly or slowly he or she can learn. Other people think that intelligence cannot be measured accurately.

What makes one person intelligent and another not so intelligent? Are people born with the basic intelligence that the will have all their lives? Is intelligence affected by a person's home life or the number of books he or she reads? Scientists are still studying these questions.

Human beings are the most intelligent animals. People have built cities, written books, and traveled to the moon. Since a human being is certainly not the biggest animal, or the animal with the biggest brain, intelligence cannot be measured by size. But studies of other animals are showing that a human being is definitely not the only animal with intelligence.

Other animals can communicate with each other, but they cannot read. They cannot do mathematics or build complicated things like automobiles or airplanes. Still, animals learn very quickly the things they have to know in order to say alive and health. Animals also remember things they have learned.

An animal in the jungle knows who its enemies are, and it keeps out of their way. It knows what foods are good for it and how to find these foods. Animals teach these things to their young.


QUESTIONS
1. What is intelligence? Give the example to support your explanation.
2. What is intelligence for?
3. Can intelligence be measured? How?
4. Explain the correlation between intelligence, a test and life.
5. What is IQ?
6. Is someone who has a high IQ always smart? Why?
7. Human Being are the most intelligent animals. What does this statement mean?

Exercise 2

Read the paragraph in which the following italicized idioms or expressions are found. Then find the best meaning of idioms or expressions as used in the context in the text.
1. People who are intelligent learn what they are taught easily and quickly (P-l)
2. These scientists believe that if a person can deal intelligently with some problems in a test, he or she will also deal intelligently with problems in everyday life(p.2)
3. Since a human being is certainly not the biggest animal, or the animal with the biggest brain , intelligence cannot be measured by size(p.7)
4. An animal in the jungle knows who its enemies are, and it keeps put of their way. It knows what foods are good for it and how to find these foods.
5. Rats used intelligence to get a food that seems out of their reach. They also learn to avoid food that has been poisoned.
Exercise 3

To understand the text deeply, answer these following cases.
1. Why can't animal read, do mathematics , and build buildings?
2. There are two person . One is 8 years old and the other is 16 years old. Both of them have a mental age of 12
a. Describe the person who has a chronological age of 8 and mental
age of 12.
b. Describe the person who has a chronological age of 16 and mental
age of 8
c. Compute their IQ and explain the result verbally
d. Give the reason . Why there is a person who has a chronological
age of 8 and mental age of 12
e. Give the reason why there is a person who has chronological age
of 16 and mental age of 12
3. Answer the questions on paragraph six and find other references to
strengthen your answer



Exercise 4

Without referring to the text, fill the blanks in the following sentences with the correct word from the list. You may change the tense, number, or from of the words to fit the context

Mental age ,determine, face, formula, divide , multiply, represent affect,
travel; keep out, suck, train, perform, chronological age, intelligent
,instinct, complex

l. He is afraid of.... His boss after making such a fool of himself at the meeting . Actually he has to meet the boss soon.
2. He is .... His thumb. He always does it whenever he wants to eat something .
3. " If we want to know whether someone is smart or not, we have to know his IQ" may friend said." How can we know the IQ?" I asked. Without answering, he gave me a piece of paper, which explains how to calculate IQ,
that is,

4. He was born in 1970 and he died in 1980. According to he died
when he was ten years old.
5. Zevi is a smart student. By her she can do test easily and
quickly.
6. She is sixteen years old but has of five . The way she thinks and
the way she talks is like a child
7. As a good shopkeeper she has to be able to solve every problem politely.
Even when she faces an angry customer she must something to do
with him sagely.
8. He really feels sad when his girlfriend gets married with another. He brings his sadness to everywhere. His sadness .... His life, involving he result of his final test.
9. It is difficult to tell his life story. He's married to Susan, but Susan's in love with his brother He's , on the other hand , in love with his sister in -law. Oh it is too.... To explain
10. If we want t fly , we need practice and practice. Even we have to look for
the method and learn how to fly well. However a little bird can fly
without learning much. It flies by using its


LANGUAGE WORK
a. Observe these examples below:
2. - Intelligent person always remember something.
- What have they learned?
- INTELLIGENT PERSONS ALWAYS REMEMBER WHAT THEY HAVE LEARNED.

3. - Many psychologist believe something
- Intelligence can be measured with various kinds of tests.
- MANY PSYCHOLOGIST BELIVE THAT INTELLIGENCE CAN BE MEASURED WITH VARIUOS KINDS OF TEST.
The underlined words are called noun clauses. The words used to introduce them are when ,where, why ,how and that.


Exercise 5
Combine the following pairs by using noun clauses. Example:
- A smart student always remembers something easily.
- What has learned?
- A SMART STUDENT ALWAYS REMEMBERS WHAT HE HAS LEARNED EASILY.



1. - I don't know something.
- Why does someone have a good intelligent?
2. -1 forget something.
- Where do I put my book?
3. - Please tell me something
- Why do you want to be a psychiatrist?
4. -1 don't know something
- When did the scientists find the way to measure intelligence?
5. -1 don't remember something
- How much does the book cost?
6. - A psychologist says something.
- Sucking is an instinct
7. - Galdon had observed something
- Mentally disable people often showed perceptual and motor problems

8. - Galton decided something

- Measuring sensory and motor function might provide a good index of intellect.
9. - The makers of popular mental test believed something
- Intelligence grows from infancy to adolescence
10. - Many people trust something
- IQ test do not really measure a person's intelligence 11.- Some social scientist trust something
- IQ tap a overall potential for mental activities



b. Fay attention to these sentences below:
1. Is intelligence affected by a person's home life or the number of books he or she read?
2. What makes one person intelligent and another not so intelligent?

Both sentences are the examples of interrogative / question sentences. There are two kinds of questions; yes / no question and wh or informative question. Yes / no question is the question that may be answered by yes or no. It is formed by placing to be or auxiliary or modal before the subject. Wh question is the question that ask for information by using a question word ;who, whom, what, when ,why , whose, which, or how. It is formed by placing the question word before to be or auxiliary or modal.

Exercise 6

Change the affirmative sentence into interrogative one and then make the noun clause.
Example:

That man is Mr. Tulus

a. is that man Mr. Tulus?
b. Who is that man?
c. I want to know who that man is.
1. George lives in Los Angels
2. Anna bought a new dictionary.
3. It is 350 miles to Campus III MUM from here
4. Barry was late to class because he missed the bus
5. Marisca saw Zevi at the meeting
6. Alice likes this book test, not that one.
7. That is Peni's pen
8. The plane is supposed to land at 7:14 PM

Exercise 7

Make a question from the italized word. Then change that question into a noun clause.

Example : Mulyana lives in Ujung Pandang
- Where does Mulyana live?
- Silvi wants to know where Mulyana lives?

1. Afid wants a watch for his birthday
2. Jane gets to school by taxi
3. Sri Devi cannot attend the class because she is sick
4. the train will arrive at 01:30
5. Jessica's car was stolen
6. Mr. Yudi is talking on the telephone
7. Many called Jim
8. Two students will be absent from class tomorrow
9. Lonna studied last night
1 O.Alice talked to the teacher about the test.
UNIT 13
LONELINESS
Before reading the passage , answer these questions

1. Do you ever feel lonely?
2. Why do we fell lonely?
3. What is your feeling when you're lonely?

Although many people value relationship above all else , satisfying ties are hard to achieve and loneliness is a common dilemma for both children and adults ( Rubbin,1982). The experience of loneliness , although conceptualized in various ways, has two defining features .first, it is unpleasant ; second , the lonely person perceives deficiencies in social in relationship ( de Jong- Giervield & Raadsschelders,in 1982; D Russell , 1984). One may be cut off from social ties without feeling lonely . Loneliness can occur in these overlapping situations (Peplau & Pearlman, 1982) Changes in social relations. Close relationship often end as one partner moves away psychologically or physically or dies. The equality of relationships sometimes deteriorates with time.
1. Changes in social needs , which vary throughout the live span, people experience loneliness. Adolescents, for example, often long for intimacy before they find a companion ( Brennan, 1982). After devotion to work during early adulthood, many middle -aged adults turn again to social ties for live satisfaction and fine their lives empty.
2. Personal qualities. Lonely individuals appear more negative, rejecting, self- absorbed, self- critical, and less responsive than others (Brenna,1982; Horowitz et al,1982; Jones ,1982, Stokes, 1985). Even if involved with a number of people negativity may incline the lonely to dwell on the deficiencies also show up in the psychology laboratory, where lonely people find it hard to think of ways to solve problems with others. ( for Example : You just moved into a new neighborhood. How would you go about finding some friends?) Limited social skills reduce opportunities for relationship building and keep people from taking advantage of opportunities that arise.
3. Cultural influences. Cultural emphases on competition and independence can interfere with interpersonal needs.
4. Situational influences. When people live on work in isolation ,loneliness is more troublesome. Life changes such as becoming housebound , losing transportation , moving, or traveling may cut some individuals off from others . In one study , three out of every four college students living away from their families admitted experiencing loneliness during their first term ( Cutrona,1982)
Glossary
Features : ciri-ciri
Deficiencies : kekurangan
Deteriorates : memburuk

Keep pace with : menyetarakan dengan
Devotion : kesetiaan

Self- absorbed

Incline

Interfere with

Housebound sakit
: asyik dengan diri sendiri

:mencondongkan

: mencampuri / mengangu
terkurung di rumah

; tidak bisa kemana-mana dikarenakan


Exercise 1

Answer these question below
1. what loneliness ?
2. Why does loneliness happen to both children and adults?
3. What is the effect of loneliness?
4. When does loneliness happen ?
5. In what situation does loneliness usually occur to children ?
6. If you move to a new environment, sometimes you feel lonely. In which point ( number) do you find?
7. Give the example(s) that loneliness appears more negatively.
8. What is the relationship between cultural influences and loneliness?

NEXT UNIT 2

time clauses)
before (c ) I will leave before he comes.
(d) I (had) left before he comes.
when (e) When I arrived, he
was talking on the
phone.
(f) When I got there, he
had already left.
(g) When it began to
, I stood under a tree.
(h) When I was in
Chicago, I visited the
museums.
(I) When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him. When- at that time ( Notice the different time relationship expressed by the tense
While
as (j) While I was talking home, it began to rain
(k) As I was walking home, it began to rain While ,as - during that time
By the time (L) By the time he arrived, we had already left.
(m) By the time he comes, we will already have left. By the time- one event is completed before another event
(Notice the use of the past perfect and future perfect in the main clause.)
since (n) I haven't seen him since he left this morning Since- from that time in the present
(Notice: The present perfect tense is used in
the main clause.
Until till (o) We stayed there until we finished our work
(p) We stayed there till we finished our work Until, till- to that time and then no longer (Till is used primarily in speaking rather than writing)
As soon as once (q) As soon as it stops raining ,we will leave
( r) Once it stops raining ,we will leave As soon as, once- when one event happens, another event happens soon afterwards
As long as So long as (s) I will never speak to him again as long as I live
(t) I will never speak to him again so long as I live. As long as, so long as-during all the time , from beginning to end
Whenever Every time (u) Whenever I see her, I say hello
(v) Every time I see her I say hello Whenever- every time
.The first time The last time The next time (w) The first time I went to New York I went to an opera
(x) I saw two plays the last time I went to New York
(y) The next time I go to New York , I'm going to see a ballet. Adverb clauses can be introduced by the following:
C First^
secondly theS third [time
^ last






Exercise 8: Complete the following . Pay special attention to verbs tenses
1. Last night I went to bed after I my homework
2. Tonight I will go to bed after I my homework
3. Ever since I was a child ,1 afraid of dogs
4. Jane's contact lens popped out while she basketball.
5. Be sure to reread your composition for errors before you it in to the teacher tomorrow
6. By the time I left my apartment this morning . the mail carrier the mail
7. I have know Jim Bates since he ten years old
8. A black cat ran across the road as I my
car to work this morning
9. By the time I leave this city, I here for
four months
10. Whenever Mark angry> his nose gets red
11.1 to the beach whenever the
weather was nice , but now I don't have time to do that because I have to study.
12. We will have a big party when
13.The next time I to Hawaii, I'm going o
visit Mauna Loa, the world's largest volcano
14.1 had fried chicken the last time I at that
restaurant.
weather is usually used if the preposition phrase the subject an verb of independent clause
TRANSITION (e) It was hot.
Therefore, we went
swimming.
(f) It was hot. We
therefore, went
swimming
(g) It was hot . We
went swimming ,
therefore. A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair. Shows the relationship of the second idea to the first idea. A transition is movable within the second sentence.
Punctuation: A period is used to separate the clause. * A comma may NOT be used to separate the clauses. Commas are usually used to set transition off from the rest of the sentence
CONJUCTION (h) It was hot, so we went swimming A conjunction comes between two independent clauses.
Punctuation : usually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction





Exercise 9: Using the given words , combine the following two ideas We postponed our trip . The weather was bad
1. because - We postponed our trip because the weather was bad _ Because the weather was bad , we postponed our trip
2. Therefore
3. since
4. so
5. because of
6. consequently
7. due to (the fact that)
Exercise 10: Using the given words, combine the following two ideas , She missed class. She was ill
1. because of
2. because
3. consequently
4. so
5. due to (the fact that)
6. therefore

8-10 OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT: SUCH
THAT AND SO THAT

(a) Because the weather was
nice, we went to the zoo.
(b) It was such nice weather that
we went to the zoo.
(c) The weather was so nice that
we went to zoo. Examples (a) , (b ) , and (c) have the same meaning.
(d) It was such good coffee that I had another cup Such that encloses a modified
noun:

NEXT UNIT

time clauses)
before (c ) I will leave before he comes.
(d) I (had) left before he comes.
when (e) When I arrived, he
was talking on the
phone.
(f) When I got there, he
had already left.
(g) When it began to
, I stood under a tree.
(h) When I was in
Chicago, I visited the
museums.
(I) When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him. When- at that time ( Notice the different time relationship expressed by the tense
While
as (j) While I was talking home, it began to rain
(k) As I was walking home, it began to rain While ,as - during that time
By the time (L) By the time he arrived, we had already left.
(m) By the time he comes, we will already have left. By the time- one event is completed before another event
(Notice the use of the past perfect and future perfect in the main clause.)
since (n) I haven't seen him since he left this morning Since- from that time in the present
(Notice: The present perfect tense is used in
the main clause.
Until till (o) We stayed there until we finished our work
(p) We stayed there till we finished our work Until, till- to that time and then no longer (Till is used primarily in speaking rather than writing)
As soon as once (q) As soon as it stops raining ,we will leave
( r) Once it stops raining ,we will leave As soon as, once- when one event happens, another event happens soon afterwards
As long as So long as (s) I will never speak to him again as long as I live
(t) I will never speak to him again so long as I live. As long as, so long as-during all the time , from beginning to end
Whenever Every time (u) Whenever I see her, I say hello
(v) Every time I see her I say hello Whenever- every time
.The first time The last time The next time (w) The first time I went to New York I went to an opera
(x) I saw two plays the last time I went to New York
(y) The next time I go to New York , I'm going to see a ballet. Adverb clauses can be introduced by the following:
C First^
secondly theS third [time
^ last






Exercise 8: Complete the following . Pay special attention to verbs tenses
1. Last night I went to bed after I my homework
2. Tonight I will go to bed after I my homework
3. Ever since I was a child ,1 afraid of dogs
4. Jane's contact lens popped out while she basketball.
5. Be sure to reread your composition for errors before you it in to the teacher tomorrow
6. By the time I left my apartment this morning . the mail carrier the mail
7. I have know Jim Bates since he ten years old
8. A black cat ran across the road as I my
car to work this morning
9. By the time I leave this city, I here for
four months
10. Whenever Mark angry> his nose gets red
11.1 to the beach whenever the
weather was nice , but now I don't have time to do that because I have to study.
12. We will have a big party when
13.The next time I to Hawaii, I'm going o
visit Mauna Loa, the world's largest volcano
14.1 had fried chicken the last time I at that
restaurant.
weather is usually used if the preposition phrase the subject an verb of independent clause
TRANSITION (e) It was hot.
Therefore, we went
swimming.
(f) It was hot. We
therefore, went
swimming
(g) It was hot . We
went swimming ,
therefore. A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair. Shows the relationship of the second idea to the first idea. A transition is movable within the second sentence.
Punctuation: A period is used to separate the clause. * A comma may NOT be used to separate the clauses. Commas are usually used to set transition off from the rest of the sentence
CONJUCTION (h) It was hot, so we went swimming A conjunction comes between two independent clauses.
Punctuation : usually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction





Exercise 9: Using the given words , combine the following two ideas We postponed our trip . The weather was bad
1. because - We postponed our trip because the weather was bad _ Because the weather was bad , we postponed our trip
2. Therefore
3. since
4. so
5. because of
6. consequently
7. due to (the fact that)
Exercise 10: Using the given words, combine the following two ideas , She missed class. She was ill
1. because of
2. because
3. consequently
4. so
5. due to (the fact that)
6. therefore

8-10 OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT: SUCH
THAT AND SO THAT

(a) Because the weather was
nice, we went to the zoo.
(b) It was such nice weather that
we went to the zoo.
(c) The weather was so nice that
we went to zoo. Examples (a) , (b ) , and (c) have the same meaning.
(d) It was such good coffee that I had another cup Such that encloses a modified
noun:

NEXT UNIT

Childhood Depression

"Nobody likes me" is a common complaint in middle childhood, when children tend to be popularity conscious. But when these words were addressed to a school principal by an 8-year Old boy in Florida whose classmate had accused him of stealing from the teacher's purse, it was a danger signal. The boy vowed that he would never return to school and he never did. Two days later, he hanged him self by a belt from the top rail of his bunk bed.
Fortunately, depressed children rarely go to such lengths, though suicide among young people is on the increase. How can we tell the difference between a harmless period of the "blues" (which we all experience at times) and a major affective disorder that is, a disorder of mood? The basic symptoms of an affective disorder are similar from childhood, by some features are age-specific 9dsm III-r, 1987).

Friendlessness is only one sign of childhood depression. This disorder is also characterized by inability to have fun or to concentrate, and by and absence of normal emotional reactions. Depressed children are frequently tired, extremely active, or inactive. They walk very little, cry a great deal, have trouble concentrating, sleep to much or too little, lose their appetite, start doing poorly in school, look unhappy, complain of physical ailments, feel overwhelmingly guilty, suffer severe separation anxiety (which may take the form of the school phobia), or think often about death or suicide. Any four or five of these symptoms may support a diagnosis of depression, especially when they represent a marked change from the child's usual pattern. Parents do not always recognize "minor" problems like sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, and irritability as signs of depression, but children themselves are often able to describe how they feel.

No one is sure of the exact cause of depression in children or adults. There is some evidence for a biochemical predisposition, which may be triggered by specific experiences. Depression school age-children are children likely to lack social and academic competence, but it is not clear
whether incompetence causes depression or vice versa. The parents or depressed children are more likely to be depressed themselves, suggesting a Dossible genetic factor, a reflection of general stress in ill families, or the result of poor parenting practices by disturbed parents.



Glossary

Complaint
Address
Accuse
Stealing
Vow
Features
Suicide
Appetite
Ailments
Trigger
Vice versa
Predisposition


keluhan
menunjukan
menuduh
mencuri
berjanji
ciri - ciri
bunuh diri
nafsu makan
penyakit
menyebabkan
sebaliknya
kecenderungan


Exercise 1
What happens when 5-year old children say "No body likes me"?
What happens when 10-year old children say "No body likes me"
What will the children do when they get depression?
Why do the children get depression?
When the children are accused by their friends, will they get depression?
What is ( are) the symptom (s) of childhood depression?
What happens to the parents when their children get depression?


Exercise 2

Fill in the blank with the listed appropriate words.

Accuse , address , appetite , purse , vowed, triggered , feature ,severe.


1. I am not manager . I am just a staff in this office . Don't give your
complaints to move because I can't determine its follow-up . Please
your complaints to the manager
1 T really hate someone who.... Me without a real evidence .Don't think that I am a thief if you don't have a proof. Don't say that I am a coward if you don't know much about me .
* She is a careful woman .She never puts her money in her pocket. She
always puts it in her Besides , she also puts it in the bag.
- He has sacrificed his life for the woman he loves very much . But the woman , unfortunately , runs away with the other man. He really hates
that women , even all of the women . He never to fall in love
with the women.
5 Because of my sadness ,1 don't have I am not interested in food in
front of me although it is very delicious. I don't want to eat it
Exercise 3
Make sentences from the words below
predisposition
feature
triggered :
symptoms :
depression :
harmless :
severe :
disturb :
complaint :
lO.disorder :


LANGUANGE WORK Look at the example:
Depressed children rarely go to such lengths , thought suicide among young people is on the increase.

Rarely in this sentence is called and adverb of frequency .The others are usually , always , sometimes , never , often , seldom , occasionally, frequently, almost.

Exercise 4
Put the adverbs of frequency correctly into these sentences.
He smokes a cigarette after every meal ( usually ).
Do they write to you ? ( ever )
You can tell if a dog is dreaming by watching its legs ( sometimes).
1 pass the post office on may way back (usually).
The roof leaks when it rains ( occasionally).
This type of plants grows tall ( never ).
It rains in this part of the world ( hardly ever ).
Do you answer back life this ?( often )
We correspond through the post ( frequently ).
They invite us over for a cup of tea (generally). 11 .She is very busy at this time of the day ( usually ) 12.Had the lesson started when you arrived? ( already ). 13. We have finished our syllabus for a year ( nearly ) 14.Your friend needs your help ( always )
15. We are lazy to cook ,so we eat out ( sometimes ) 16.1 tripped over the dog in the dark (almost )


Exercise 5
Substitute a word like always for the multi - word adverbial of frequency. Example : Mary drinks milk all of the time .
MARY ALWAYS DRINKS MILK.
John drinks coffee some of the time.
He almost never drinks tea.
Mr. Allen drinks coffee much of the time.
Mrs. Allen almost never drinks coffee.
She drinks coffee most of the tjmes.
Mr. and Mrs. Clinton eat in restaurant some of the time.
Chessie almost never eats in a restaurant.
Philip eats in bamboo restaurant all of the time.
She eats at home most of the time.
lO.Mr. And Mrs. Tanty eats in a restaurant much of the time.




CONVERSATION IN GROUP

DISCUSS ONE OF THE NUMBERS!

Tell about yourself or somebody or some person you know well. Describe both appearance and personality.
Tell your unforgettable experience
Discuss about "insane people"
Tell about yourself or somebody or some persons you know well . Describe both appearance and personality.
Tell your group members whether you ever get it, what you always do and how you always try to cure it. If you don't; please inform your group members the best way to avoid depression .
One of you pretends to be a psychiatrist and the other one is someone who wants to commit suicide .Then make a dialogue.
Tell your group members about someone you are proud of.
Tell your group members about your own comment on " LOVE"
Act out conversation in a psychologist's room in which he and his client discuss how the client solves his psychological maltreatment.
10.Choose a situation in your own life where you enough knowledge to give some advice(for example, you may be able to give a good advice on how to face life ).



ADVICE COLUMN

IN GROUP , ACT AS IF A TEAM OF PSYCHOLOGIST .ONE OF THE MEMBERS ACTS AS IF THE CLIENT, FOR ONE OF THE CASES!

L I am twenty and engaged. I love my fiance very much. The problem is his father.

He is only forty, his wife is dead .He says he is in love with me and that he will kill himself unless I marry him. The situation is impossible. How can I marry my fiance's father?
Tell about yourself or somebody or some person you know well. Describe both appearance and personality.
Tell your unforgettable experience
Discuss about "insane people"
Tell about yourself or somebody or some persons you know well . Describe both appearance and personality.
Tell your group members whether you ever get it, what you always do and how you always try to cure it. If you don't; please inform your group members the best way to avoid depression .
One of you pretends to be a psychiatrist and the other one is someone who wants to commit suicide .Then make a dialogue.
Tell your group members about someone you are proud of.
Tell your group members about your own comment on " LOVE"
Act out conversation in a psychologist's room in which he and his client discuss how the client solves his psychological maltreatment.
JO.Choose a situation in your own life where you enough knowledge to give some advice(fot exarnpfe, you may be able to give a good advice on how to face life ).



ADVICE COLUMN

N GROUP , ACT AS IF A TEAM OF PSYCHOLOGIST .ONE OF THE MEMBERS ACTS AS IF THE CLIENT, FOR ONE OF THE CASES!

. J am twenty and engaged. I love my Fiance very much. The problem is his father.

He is only forty, his wife is dead .He says he is in love with me and that he will kill himself unless I marry him. The situation is impossible. How can I marry my fiance's father?
Unfortunately , I think I am in love with him as much as with his son. I want to tell my fiance all about this ,but if I do , he will be hurt and angry .Whatever I do, it seems I'll hurt either him or his father .What would you do if you were me ?

2. I love my boy friend , but there's a problem .He seems to love his mother
more than me.

Whenever we go out, he takes her along , whenever we go, she goes, too.

Whenever we do , she does as well. I wouldn't put up with this for a moment if I didn't love him so much.

We're going to get married soon .I'm afraid that when we do, his mother will come to live with us .What can I do?

3. Tell several things you would say in each of the following situations. Use
the expression "If were you " to give advice

SITUATION A

A friend of yours is planning to drive home from a party and asks you to come a long .You know that he has already had several drinks and is about to have another.

SITUATION B

Another friends tells you that he is going to buy a used car from a car dealer who advertises on television .You know that ads are lies because last year you bought a car from the same dealer.

SITUATION C

Another one of your friends , who has always been a very serious student, announces that he is going to quit school.

Give a short talk about the birthday celebration you would have if you had the time and money to celebrate your next birthday in whatever way you wanted .Where would celebrate?
many friends would you invite ? what kind of food and drink would TRXL serve ? What kind of entertainment would you have? What gift
d you like to receive ? Since the party is imaginary , there are no -frictions .You could, for example , hire a private plane and bring 7 ds from all over the world.



THE FAMILY AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

The family that Vicky and Jason grow up in is probably the largest single influence on their development. Were their births planned and welcomed? How old were their parents? How well do the personalities of parents and child mesh! Are the parents healthy? Are they wealthy or poor? How many people live at home? Influence travels in the other direction too. Children also effect their parents in untold ways, transforming parents day-to-day moods, priorities and plans for the future-even a marriage it self.

Family life for both Vicky and Jason is quite different from what it would have been a century ago, and family life is likely to change even more in the future. A child growing up today is likely to have only one sibling, a mother who works outside the home, and a father who is more involved in his children's lives than his own father was; and to receive a considerable amount of daily care from non relatives, first in a caregiver's home or day care center and than at a preschool. Today's children have a 40 percent chance of spending part of their childhood with only one parent's probably the mother and probably because of divorce.

These changes have revolutionized the study of socialization how children learn the behaviors their culture considers appropriate. In the past, most researches focused on mothers and their children, but now researches are studying the bounds between children and their fathers, their brothers and sisters, their grandparents, and other caregivers.

Another fascinating trend in research is the focus on the entire family. How does Ellen and Charles's marital relationship affect the relationship that each spouse has with Vicky? Do Julia and Jess differently with Jason when either one is alone with him yielded provocative findings. For example, when both parents are parents and talking to each other, they pay less attention to their child. In some families, the spouses closeness to each other may detract their ability to be close to their children; in others the parenting experience strengthens the marriage tie. By looking at the family as a unit, we get a fuller picture of the web of relationships among family members.

Glossary
Mesh : menghubungkan
Moods : suasana hati
Personalities : kepribadian
Considerable banyak / besar
Sibling saudara
Nonrelatives tidak ada hubungan kekerabatan
Caregiver pengasuh anak
Preschool masa sebelum sekolah
Childhood masa anak - anak
Divorce percerain, bercerai
Attention perhatian
Spouse suami / istri
Detract mengurangi
Socialization pemasyarakatan
Behavior tingkah laku
Tie : mengikat ,ikatan
Exercise 1

Answer the following question
1. Is there any relationship between the family and personality development?
What factors influence the children development ?
What are the roles of parents for their children ?
What are the differences between the ancient and the recent family life ?
Why can the spouses' closeness lessen their ability to be close to their children ?

Exercise 2

Think about how you could support the following statement. Tell several possibilities. Some examples has been given for the first one.

1. My father is my mentor.

Examples of how he guide me.
- He taught me how to resolve problems with friends for example

- I worked for him during vacation and learned
My mother is my best friend.
My grandmother / grandfather has been like a mother / father to me. Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks by using the words given.
Childhood , behavior, divorce caregiver ,personality ,sibling ,attention,
spouse, preschool
Tita's family says that she is an idealist. She must be able to get what she wants .It seems that she has a strong
Tom falls in love with Alice. Tom's parents are going to propose her but when they know Alice's "parent" they abrogate their plan because Tom
and Alice are one Tom and Alice were separated when they
were still a baby.
3. Jenny's father is an engineer and Jenny's mother is a career women
.They are very busy ,so they are not able to take care their only child.
They should send her in when they work.
4 Is very important for the children before they come to
kindergarten. It can train the children's imagination develop well.
Robin and Hendricks's parents are very rich . Whatever they want their parents always give them . When they are child they had so many toys. Really they had a happy
Mrs. Tuti hardly can show her sadness after her With her be
loved husband.
7. To be good teacher , he must know how to secure the of his pupils.
S. Mr. Johan has married many for 25 years. People think that they are a
very suitable
~J. I feel that he always avoid me . I don't know why, but I am sure that his
toward me shows that he doesn't like me
Exercise 4

Write down the synonym of each of the words on the left ( column A ). Choose from the words on the right ( column B )

Column A Column B
1. become adult or mature Researcher
2. network Detract
3. father and mother Mesh
4. having great amount of property Marriage
5. legal union of man and a women as Ability
husband and wife
6. group of parents and children Parents
7. development of the body , mind, and Grow up
spirit by training and exercise
8. someone who investigates undertaken in Culture
order to discover new facts, get
additional information
9. make it less Family
10.capacity or power to do something Wealthy
physical or mental


Exercise 5
Look at the family tree and complete the sentences.
His her wife husband brother sister
John is Polly's Polly is John's
Andrew is Joyce's Joyce is Andrew's
Polly and John are Joyce's parents .Polly is her mother and John is father.
Andrew and Joyce are John's children .Andrew is his son and Joyce is a daughter

Exercise 6
Now look at this family tree . Read the sentences and put in the names.
Joe's wife name is Ann. Joe and Ann have got three children , two daughters and a son . Their daughters name are Alice and Lucy ,and their son's name is Fred. Fred and Lucy are not married. Alice's husband's name is Hany. Harry and Alice have got two children a boy and a girl. Their laughter's name is Pat, and their son's name is Eric.

Exercise 7
Match the texts and the pictures.
Dona and Lola are Kenny's grandparents . Kenny has lived with them since he was a baby . Last year they adopted him as their own child.
Kim and May are married , but they don't want to have children Although they enjoy plying with their nieces and nephews, they do not want to be full -time parents .
John and Christine have got three children - Simon, Lucy and Emma. There are a lot of couples with young children in their neighborhood , so they often help one another out.
Anamita has got four children . Besides her husband, Suendra , and the children , she also shares her home with her mother in- law ,her brother in - law, and his wife . The children get o well with their aunt and uncle , and like listening to their grandmother's stories.
Claire and Bridget live together . They both work outside the home and share the care of Beth , Briget's six years old daughter .
Ann has been divorced for teen years . Her two children , Jason and Ruth , live with Ann , and see their father always every week.

Because Jack is to ill to alive alone , he lives with his soon Barry, who is 25. Barry is getting married soon, and Jack will continue to live with the young couple . He hopes to have grand children to look after soon.



LANGUAGE WORK Exercise 8
Write the infinitive , past and participle of each of these verbs.
infinitive past participle
Grow
Bite
Do
Hang
Rise
Swim
wake Grew Grown












Exercise 9
Write the sentences by using the words from exercise 7. Examples : 1. Rice grows in warm climates
2. His troubles grew out of his bad temper.
3. He has grown into a fine young man.

Exercise 10
Complete the crossword.
ACROSS
My sister married on April 26th 1980
David Very well at the party.
He slipped on a banana skin and ...... his leg.
Do you know who The book ' How Green Was my Valley'?
I was late, so I all the way.
He off a wall and hurt himself.
My cousin.... For great Britain in the Olympic Games when he was only 16.
I Three rabbits last weekend.
9. We to Spain last summer.
10.X: Who you to play the guitar
Y: Sally? DOWN
a. I am sorry. But I to post that letter you gave me .
b. He the ball to me.
c. It was cold . So he The window.
d. I a whole hottle of champagne on my last birthday.
e. A police car me on the motorway.
f. I a very interesting book last weekand.
g. I until 11 o'clock this morning.
h. We had a lovely time in Greece . The weather was
really beautiful. In fact, the sun all time.
i. I Ill this morning so I decided not to go to work .
j. A dog her as she was walking through the park.

Exercise 11
CLASS SURVEY. Make sure you understand the question . Then ask them to the other people in the class.
Would you like to live alone part of the time - say, one week or a month?
Would you rather have more or fewer brothers and sisters you have?
Would you like to have children ? How many ? or would you like to have more or fewer children than you have?
Would you rather live in the some town as your parents or not?
Would you rather spend less time working or more time with your









The Passive



Exercise 1. : Change the active to the passive by supplying the correct from of be.
1. Tom opens the door. - The door opened by tom.
2. Tom is opening the door. - The door opened by tom.
3. Tom has opened the door. - The door opened by tom.
4. Tom opened the door Tom. - The door opened by tom.
5. Tom was opening the door Tom. - The door opened by tom.
6. Tom had opened the door Tom - The door opened by tom.
7. Tom will open the door - The door opened by tom.
8. Tom is going to open the door - The door opened by tom.
9. Tom will have opened the door - The door opened by tom.


EXERCISE 2: Change the active to the passive .

1. Shakespeare wrote the play. - That play was written by Shakespeare.
2. Bill will invite Ann to the party.
3. Alex is preparing that report.
4. Waitresses and waiters serve customers
5. The teacher is going to explain the lesson
6. Shirley has suggested a new Idea.
7. Two horses were pulling the farmer's wagon.
8. Kathy had returned the book the library
9. By this time tomorrow , the president will have the announcement
10. 1 didn't write that note. Jim wrote it.
11. Alice didn't make that pie . Did Mrs. French make it ?
12. Does Prof. Jackson teach that course ? I know that Prof. Adams doesn't teach it.
13. Mrs. Andrews hasn't signed those papers yet. Has Mr. Andrews signed them yet?
14. Is Mr. Brown painting your house?
15. His tricks won't fool me.


EXERCISE 3: Change the active to passive if possible . Some verbs are unransitive and cannot be changed.
1. A strange thing happened yesterday. (no change )
2. Jackie scored the winning goal. - The winning goal was scored by Jackie.
3. My cat died.
4. I agree with Dr. Ikeda's theory.
5. Dr. Ikeda developed that theory.
6. Timmy dropped the cup.
7. The cup fell to the floor.
8. The assistant manager interviewed me.
9. It rained hard yesterday .
10. A hurricane destroyed the small fishing village.
11. Dinosaurs existed millions of year a go
12. A large vase stands in the corner of our front hallway.
13. The children seemed happy when they went to the zoo.
14. After class , one of the students always erases the chalkboard.
15. The solution to my problem speared to me in a dream.

3-2 USING THE PASSIVE



EXERCISE 4: Why is the use of the passive appropriate in the following sentences ? What would be the active equivalents of the passive sentences ?

1. my sweater was made in England.
2. The new highway will be completed sometime next month.
3. Language skill are taught in every school in the country.
4. Beethoven's Seventh Symphony was performed at the concert last night.
5. The world cup soccer games are being televised allover the world.
6. This composition was written by Ali. That one was written by Yoko.
7. The Washington Monument is visited by hundreds of people every day.
8. The chief writing material of ancient times was papyrus . It was used in Egypt, Greece , and other Mediterranean lands.
9. Parchment, another writing material that was widely used in ancient times , was made from the skin of animals such as sheep and goats. After the hair had been removed , the skins were stretched and rubbed smooth.
10. Paper, the main writing material today, was invented by the Chinese.


EXERCISE 5: Change the following active sentences to passive sentences if :•: ssible, (some of the verbs are intransitive and cannot be changed). Keep -e same tense. Include the " by phrase " only if necessary.
1. People grow corn in low a. Corn is grown in low a.
2. Peter came here two months a go . ( no change )
3. Someone made this antique table in 1734
4. An accident happened at the corner of………….
5. Someone stole my purse.
6. S omeone was making the coffee when I walked into the kitchen.
7. Translator have translated that book into many languages.
8. Jim's daughter drew that picture .My son drew this picture.
9. The judges will judge the applicants on the basis of their originality.
10. My sister's plane will arrive at 10:35
11. Is professor Rivers teaching that course this semester?
12. When did someone invent to radio?
13. The mail carrier had already delivered the mail by the time I left for school this morning.
14. When is someone going to announce the results of the contest?
15. After the concert was over, hundreds of fans mobbed the rock music star outside the theater.
16. Ever since I arrived here, I have been living in the dormitory because someone , old me that is was cheaper to live there than in a apartment.
17. They* are going to build the new hospital next year . The have already built the new elementary school
18. If you * expose a film to light while you are developing it, you will ruin the negatives.


IO D.O
a) someone gave Mrs. Lee an award..
b) Mrs. Lee was given an award.

c) Someone gave an award to Mrs. Lee
d) An award was given to Mrs. Lee
LO. - indirect object. D.O. -direct object.
Either a indirect object may be come the subject the passive sentence.

(a ), (b ) ,( c ) , and (d): When the direct object becomes the subject, is usually used in front of them indirect object.


EXERCISE 6: Find the INDIRECT OBJECT in each sentence , and make it he focus of attention by using it as the subject of a passive sentence. Use the by phrase " only in necessary.
1. Someone handed Ann a menu at the restaurant.
( indirect object - Ann ) - Ann was handed a menu at the restaurant
2. Indian University has a awarded Peggy a scholarship.
3. Some company paid Fred three hundred dollars in consulting fees.
4. A local advertising company has offered Maria a good job.
5. They will send you a bill at the end of the month.
6. Someone will give the starving people a week's supply of rice as soon as the food supplies arrive in the famine-stricken area.

EXERCISE 7 - ORAL ( BOOKS CLOSED ) : Change active to passive.
Example : someone built that house ten years a go
Response : That house was built ten years a go.

1. Someone invited you to a party.
2. Someone wrote that book in 1987
3. (……. ) Wrote that book in 1987
4. People grow rice in many countries .
5. The secretary is typing the letter.
6. Someone is televising the game.
7. Teachers teach reading in the first grade.
8. Someone has offered (.......) a good job.
9. Someone told you to be here an ten.
10. Someone published that book in 1985.
11. Someone has sent ( ) an invitation to a wedding.
12. Someone made that hat in Mexico.
13. .In the early 80s, Photographs of Mars ( send )
back to earth by unmanned space probes. From these photographs .
scientist have been able to make detailed maps of the surface of Mars.
14. A network of lines ( discover) on
Mars astronomer (call ) these lines "channels," but
when the Italian word (translate ) into
English, it became " canals." As a result, some people thought the
lines were waterways that ( build) by some
unknown living creatures. We now know that the lines are not really
canals. Canals (exist, not) on Mars.


Unit 9
Emotion

You have surely been angry at someone, and you have been afraid of something. You love some people and hate some. Anger and fear, love and hate are emotions. Some other emotions are joy, hope, delight, despair, sadness and disgust. Every one has emotions.

Emotions come upon you suddenly. You do not thinks emotions, you feel them. You do not think, "This is an uncaged tiger, I have heard that tigers sometimes kill and eat human beings. I am a human beings, so I will now be afraid of the tiger." Instead, you feel afraid instantly upon finding your self near a tiger out of its cage. You do not think afraid, you feel afraid.
Emotion can be aroused when information comes to you trough your senses. You see someone dear to you, and you feel love. You hear a scraping sound in a dark room, and you feel fear .You smell an unpleasant odor, and you fell disgusted Emotions can also be aroused by thoughts. You think of someone who embarrassed you, and feel anger or hate. You think of a test you are not ready to take, and you feel fear or sense defeat.

Thought you are not aware of can also bring out emotions. These are called unconscious thoughts. For instance, when you were very small, you -ay have been scared by a big, barking dog. You forgot about this unpleasant happening, but it is stored in your unconscious memory. You may now be nervous of a big dogs.

People seem to be born with a few emotions and gradually learn the "est. A newborn baby fears falling and loud sounds. Yet very young babies do not seem to fear anything else. They must learn to be afraid of fire, ungerous animals, and other things that can harm them. The fears of falling ind loud sounds do not have to be learned.

The "word" emotion comes from the Latin word exmovere , meaning” to move you, or to strip up.” Your emotions move you, carry tou away, stir you up, and cause you to act. Joy may make up jump up and down, clap your hands, and smile or laugh. Fear may make you run and scream, or stand and tremble.

Emotion also affect you body in ways you are not aware of fear cause the adrenal glands to secret into your blood a chemical substance called adrenaline. Adrenaline makes your heart beat faster, your blood to go from your muscles, stopping digestion. Sugar stored in your muscles and liver is sent into your blood. You may tremble and perspire. Your body is ready to react to what is causing your fear. You may run away, or try to fight or hide.

Glossary

Delight : kesenangan
Despair : keadaan putus asa
Unchanged : bebas , tak terkendali
Instantly : segera
Disgusted : benci
Embarrassed : malu
Adrenal gland : kelenjar adrenalin
Secrete : proses pemisahan zat ( dari darah) dalam tubuh untuk
dipergunakan atau di buang
Perspire : berkeringat






Exercise 1.
1. What is emotion? Give some examples to support you answer.
2. How does emotion come to you? Give the example to make you idea clearer.
3. You do not think emotion, you feel them (p.2 ). What does this statement mean?
4. What is you opinion if someone doesn't have unconscious thought?
5. Observe the statement of the first and the last sentences of paragraph 5.
What do you
think of the relationship of both?
6. How do babies "Learn" to be afraid of the dangerous things?
7. What happens if we do not have emotion?
8. What is the relationship between emotion and our body?


Exercise 2. read the paragraph in which following italicized idioms or expression are found. Then choose the best meaning of idioms or expression as used in the context in

1. You love some people and hate some.
2. Emotion can be aroused when information comes to you through your senses.
3. Emotion also effect your body in ways you are not a ware of.


Exercise 3

Without referring to the text .Fill the blanks in the following sentences with :he correct word from this list. You may change the tense, number , or from : f the words to fit the context.





1. After the car had knocked her down , she lag f……..for half an hour.
2. Ari was so frightened when his friend jumped down from the tree that he……… loudly.
3. Some students stand at the corner of the class in…. and trembling because teacher will punish them.
4. Last night we watched Kirun on TV. He was very funny>He made us……………..
5. Titi ……anyone listening while see was telephoning.
6. the naughty boy takes great……. in pulling the cat's tail.
7. He was filled with…. when he read the examination questions
because the questions were too difficult.
8. His….. at the government's policy caused him t resign.
9. Afi is chosen as the best student in his class :He is all……….
10. I have five children . Four of them died because of an accident. Now I have a child only. He is my last………..




LANGUAGE WORK
Pay attention to this sentence:

1. Emotion can be aroused by thoughts (p 3 ) : passive sentence
2. Thoughts can arouse emotion : active sentence

2. Thoughts you are not aware of can also bring out emotion. ( p 4 ); active sentence

Emotion can also be brought out by thoughts you are not aware of: : assive sentence.







Exercise 4

Change the active sentences into passive ones.

1. You can probably repeat your name , address , telephone number, and the name of your teacher without looking them up.
______________________________________________________________________
2. Intelligent person can use knowledge in new situations or problems.
______________________________________________________________________
3. Animals can't do mathematics because they do not have intelligence.
______________________________________________________________________

4. Sigmund Freud said that unconscious ideas can affect health.
______________________________________________________________________
5. Medical treatment can best help people suffering from drugs.
______________________________________________________________________
6. You should open the wine by smiling.
______________________________________________________________________
7. Senior students will serve students by from expression.
______________________________________________________________________
8. People must not leave bicycles in the hall.
______________________________________________________________________
9. Members may keep books for three weeks . After that they must return them.
______________________________________________________________________







Exercise 5
Change the passive sentences into active ones.

1. Something will only be brought to mind under certain condition.
______________________________________________________________________

2. Many psychologists be have that intelligence can be measured with various kinds of tests.
______________________________________________________________________
3. Many animals can be trained to do things they do not other else do.
______________________________________________________________________
4. Evening dresses will be worn.
______________________________________________________________________
5. Someone will have to be found to take her place.
______________________________________________________________________
6. This rumor must have been started by our opponents.
______________________________________________________________________
7. Your money could be put to a good use instead of being left idle in the bank.
______________________________________________________________________



Exercise 6

Describe the picture. Fit the listed words with the picture and use passive : dais to explain if it is possible : cry , frown , laugh , shout, smile , stare ,yawn.

Describe the picture . Fit the listed words with the picture and use passive odals to explain if it is possible : bored , crazy , cross , exited , happy , rprised, unhappy.



LETSTALK

1. Tell us about something that frightens you, makes you happy, makes sad, or angry
2. Tell about yourself or somebody you know well. Describe both appearance and personality by using the words in language work part c and d.
3. Tell the picture orderly. These words and phrases may be useful in your story : barbershop , long hair and a bread , fell asleep, barber cut his hair very short, lathered his chin , shaved off his bread , shocked to see his hair so short and bread gone , refused to pay , walked angrily away.






Unit
10
PSYCHOLOGICAL MALTREATMENT


The physical pain of abuse may heal quickly, but the psychological scars may never go away. Lasting scars may also result when parents regularly ridicule children or coldly turn away from a child's pleas for affection and attention.

Physicians, legislators, and mental health professionals are cecoming increasingly concerned about psychological maltreatment, which as been broadly ( and vaguely ) defined as action ( or failure to act ) that carnages children's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning. Abusive parents may reject, terrorize, isolate, exploit, degrade, or corrupt children and be emotionally unresponsive to them. As a result, children may fail to reach their full potential as adults. The impact of maltreatment is unpredictable ; many maltreated children grow up to lead nealthy, productive live. Many others, however, suffer for years as the result : of psychological abuse.

Psychological maltreatment, of course, is an element in the more than 2 million cases of child abuse and neglect. But it also occurs with out physical abuse. It has been linked to children's lying, stealing, low self-esteem, emotional maladjustment, dependency, underachievement, depression, failure to thrive, aggression, homicide and suicide, as well as to r sychological distress in later life ; and it may also play a part in learning disorder.

Psychological maltreatment occurs both in families and in institutions, such as schools, hospitals, day care centers and juvenile justice programs. School has come along way since lessons were "taught to the tune c f a hickory stick," with a dunce cap as a "reward" : but some schools still attempt to instill discipline through fear, intimidation, and degradation.

Institutional maltreatment is easier to stop than maltreatment by parents. In most states, children may be taken from abusive parents;
however, the courts are often reluctant to take this step except in extreme cases, especially when it is unclear that institutional care will be better.

The best way to prevent such behavior is intervention before birth. Social service agencies can teach high-risk parents about child development, offer them support services, and train them to be more sensitive to babies 'needs'. To eliminate psychological maltreatment, society needs to question its values and make the needs of children a clear priority.

Glossary

Scar(s) : kesan buruk
Ridicule : mentertawakan / mengejek
Plea(s) : keinginan yang sangat /serius
Affection : kasih saying, cinta
Abusive : jahat, kejam
Degrade : merendahkan
Maltreatment : penganiayaan
Maladjustment : ketidakmampuan menyesuaikan diri
Thrive : maju dengan pesat
Homicide : pembunuhan
Reluctant : segan, enggan


Questions

1. What is psychological maltreatment ?
2. What are the examples of psychological maltreatment ? and why do the children get psychological maltreatment ?
3. What are the symptoms of the children who get psychological maltreatment ?
4. Is there any positive and negative impact of abusive parents on children?
5. Why does psychological maltreatment occur in families and schools ?
6. How do we overcome psychological maltreatment ?

Exercise 2

Give some example of psychological maltreatment in family , institution , society , and other places.

Exercise 3

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words provided below.





1. When he was still a boy, his behavior towards his parents was very rude. His such behavior made his parents sad and sick . And even because of their sadness and sickness his parents died , Now he just realizes that what he has done before is wrong. He thinks that he is the only person who has killed his parents. Such experience left him a_________________________________________He is afraid of facing the old people.
2. As parents , they should keep the polite speech to their children. They should not criticize what their children do rudely. If they do it, they will be_______________ parents.
3. As a good friend , you should be able to appreciate the effort of your friends to change
their bad attitude ( improve their bad attitude). You should not____________them because their willing to try to improve their attitude is the first good thing.
4. He got a hard sickness . He has already tried to see many doctors but the result is nothing. They cannot__________________ his sickness. Now he just waits the fate.
5. I realize that I'm wrong . That's why I have to as your forgiveness. I do hope you accept my____________________ for apologize.
6. Most of people know that he is a troublemaker. What he does only causes a problem for someone else. He never helps his friends. Therefore, when he gets an accident , all his friends are________________________ to help him.
7. Nowadays, many______________________________are done by a person because of a simple reason. For example , he killed his closed friend only because his friend didn't want to lend him money.
8. His faith is not strong. When his girlfriend died, he tried to accompany her by killing himself on a tree. Fortunately, his effort to_______________________________
has been known by his friend and , of course, he is safe .Now he is still alive.
9. Everyone has_________________ if other injures it , he will do everything he can do to keep it. It is the symbol of his life .He will be ashamed if other destroys it easily.



LANGUAGE WORK

Native the following sentences:

a. physician legislator, and mental health professionals arebecoming increasingly concerned about psychological maltreatment.
b. psychological maltreatment, of course, is an element in the more than 2 million cases of child abuse and neglect.



The italic words in the first sentence ( a ) are countable nouns. Meanwhile, the italic word in the second sentence (b ) is accountable noun. Let's observe the following countable and uncountable noun attentively.

CUONTABLE NUON UNCUONTABLE NOUN
1 book, 2 books, 3 books…………. Ink
1 student, 2 students,……………. Milk
1 chair, 2 chairs, 3 chairs,………….. Air
1 apple, 2 apples ,3 apples, …………. coffee


Countable noun is a noun than can be counted. Most nouns have singular and plural forms.

SINGULAR PLURAL
Student
Book
Man
Echo
Knife
Deer
Criterion
Stimulus
Thesis
index Students
Books
Men
Echoes
Knives
Deer
Criteria
Stimuli
Theses
Indices/ indexes

Exercise 4

Write down the plural forms of these words
1. child : ………………………………….
2. hero :………………………………….
3. mouse :………………………………….
4. monkey :………………………………….
5. industry :………………………………….
6. woman : ………………………………….
7. fox :………………………………….
8. goose :…………………………………..
9. sheep :………………………………….
10. series :………………………………….
11. belief :……………………………………
12. 1eaf :……………………………………
13. B.self :……………………………………
14. echo :…………………………………....
15. photo :……………………………………
16. analysis :…………………………………….
17. hypothesis :…………………………………….
18. curriculum :…………………………………….
19. phenomenon :……………………………………
20. lady :……………………………………



Exercise 5

Put the following words into the correct sentences and change them into plural if it is necessary.

Advice
Change
City
Garbage
Hardware
Homework information
junk
luggage/baggage
music
progress
river screwdriver
stuff
thunder
traffic
traveling
trip

1. I have some coins in my pocket. In other words ,1 have some¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬______________in my pocket.
2. The Mississippi, the Amazon, and Nile are well known___________ in the world.
3. I like to listen to operas, symphonies , and folk so……… I enjoy
4. Since I came to the United States, I have visited Chicago .New York, and Miami. I want to visit other__________________ before I return to my country.
5. The street is full of cars, trucks, and buses. This street always has heavy________________ especially during rush hour.
6. In the last couple of years , I've got to France, India, and the Soviet Union. I like to take _____________In other words is one of my favorite activities.
7. I put some banana peels , rotten food, and broken bottles in the waste can. The can is full of_______________________________
8. They have a rusty car without an engine, broken chairs, and an old refrigerator in their front yard . Their yard is full of __________________________________
9. Paul has books pens, papers ,notebook, a clock, scissors, a tape recorder , and some other things on his desk. He has a lot of ___________________ on his desk.
10. The children got scared when they heard__________________during the storm
11. Tools that are used to fasten screws into wood are
called_____________________________________________
12. 1 went to the store to get some nails , hammers , and strews. In other
words ,1 bought some ________________________________________
13. Tonight I have to read 20 pages in my history books, do 30 problems
in algebra , and write a composition for my English teacher. In other
words , I have a lot of______________ to do tonight.
14. Ann took three suitcase , a shoulder bag , and a cosmetic case. In
other words, she took a lot __________________of on her trip.
15. Toronto is 356 st./ 109 m above see level . The average annual precipitation area is over 3,000,000. I found (this , these )______________ in the encyclopedia.



Exercise 6

Construct negative sentences with much or many. Use the word clues.

Examples : We read a lot of magazines, (book)

BUT WE DON'T READ MANY BOOKS
She has a lot of work. (time )

BUT SHE DOESN'T HAVE MUCH TIME.


1. She has a lot of friends. ( money )
2. We play a lot of sports. (tennis )
3. 1 eat a lot of rice. ( potato )
4. There were a lot of trees, (grass )
5. he visited a lot of towns, (park )
6. The bought a lot of souvenirs, (clothes )
7. 1 write a lot of letters, (report)
8. They cat a lot of vegetables, (fruit)
9. They eat a lot of meat. ( fish )
10. he bought a lot of shirts. (tie )





Exercise 7
Construct sentences with as much………… as or as many…………. as.
Example : Mr. David has three cars. Mr. John ha two cars.
MR. JOHN DOESN'T HAVE AS MANY CARS AS MR. DAVID
Mrs. Maya drinks three glasses of water everyday. Mrs. Sari drinks three glasses of water everyday.

.MRS. MAYA DRINKS AS MUCH WATER AS MRS. SARI.

1. I have five shirts. Frank has ten shirts.
2. I ate two apples. You ate three apples
3. Alice is going to spend 3000 rupiahs on lunch . Ellen is going to spend 3000 rupiahs on lunch.
4. Stanly used ten pieces of paper . Lina used ten pieces of paper.
5. Mr. Joe has two children . Mr. Zen has three children.
6. Jack ran in six races. Edwin ran in seven races
7. Dina bought three bottles of soda . Iffah bought four bottles of soda.


Exercise 8

Construct the following data into sentences. Use more …. than, fewer.. ..than or less….. than and either the least or the fewest.

Examples : attend / class

Clinton 15 classes a week
Blair : 13 classes a week
Adam : 11 classes a week
CLINTON ATTENDS MORE CLASSES THAN BLAIR AND ADAM.
BLAIR ATTENDS FEWER CLASSES THAN CLINTON
CLINTON ATTENDS THE MOST CLSSES
ADAM ATTENDS THE FEWEST CLASSE.
UNIT 11
CLARENCE TULLY: A MAN WITH A SECRET

Preview the topic
Do you have fantasies or daydreams about being someone you are not ?Who is it ? Why did you choose that person? What qualities does she or he have ?
Has a person you really know been in your fantasies?
In what situations have you told false information about your life?
Do you know anyone who mixed up fantasy and real life?

Reading

Clarence Darrow Tully was fall, good - looking, and intelligent. He worked as a reporter at first and eventually became the publisher of two newspapers in Arizona. He was a competent newspapers executive and got along well with other important people in the community. He was very successful in his career . There was , however, something unusual about Tully that was a secret for along , long time.

When Clarence Darrow Tully was a young man , he told everyone to call him " Duke ". He copied that name from a famous movie actor, whom Americans liked because he was strong , tough, and brave. Tully wanted to be admired for the same reasons as this actor was . He also believed that men in military uniform looked strong , tough, and brave. Tully wanted very much to make this impression on others. His desire for this image got stronger as time went on.

He tried to join the Air Force, but poor vision prevented him from being accepted. His older brother became a Marine pilot and was killed in service in 1942. When this happened, Tully began to put his imagination to work : he started to tell untrue stories about his personal life. At first degree. Every time he got a promotion in his career, He added more stories about brave active duty in the Korean and Vietnam wars.
When Tully went to military meetings or gatherings with real veterans as a reporter , he would dress in a serviceman's uniform . As he became more comfortable with the uniform and the imaginary stories about his years in the Air Force , he began to wear medals of honor and make the stories more danger- filled and exciting. Also, as he got more important jobs in real life , he gave himself a higher rank in his fictitious military life. He became a second lieutenant, then a first lieutenant, then major .It got to the point where he himself could not tell the difference between fact and fiction any more . In really, he never attended college or served in the Air Force.

Tully was doing very well in this career, and people easily trusted and respected him. He was always careful and consistent when he talked about his military adventures. He did not make mistakes with his " facts." He was a clever impostor; he told believable phony stories .No one questioned the exciting, brave dangerous events of his nonexistent military experience. He deceived everyone for many years.

Recently, something happened that changed Tully's whole life. In his newspaper, he published some negative articles about a well know lawyer of his city. This lawyer became very angry with Tully. He decided to investigate Tully's personal life. In a short time, he discovered that Tully was an impostor. He publicized the fact that Tully told untrue stories about him self. Tully immediately acknowledge all his dishonest information and resigned from his job. He did not give any explanation or his behavior. He put himself in the care of a psychiatrist in order end out why he did this. As he entered a hospital in Arizona, he said," I hope you can find it in your hearts to forgive me " whit these words , the fantasy life- style of "Duke " Tully ended.

Comprehension check

TRUE/FALSE
Are the following statements true and false ? Circle the correct answer.
1. Tully's middle name is Duke . T F
2. Tully's father was killed in the Air Force. T F
3. Tully admired brave, tough men. T F
4. Tully's stories grew more exciting as he got older T F
and went a head in his career.
5. Tully went to college and then served in the Air force. T F
6. Tully is intelligent but has poor eyesight. T F
7. Tully was able to fool people about his personal T F
life many years.
8. An angry lawyer found the truth about Tully's life T F
9. Tully joined the Air force late in life. T F
10. Tully wanted help to find out why he made up false T F
stories about himself.



VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the list to complete the following sentences.

Acknowledge
Admire Brave
Career
competent Consistent
Eventually
Executive
fiction Imagination
Impostor
Impression
phony promotion
secret
vision



1. Helen accepted the job as waitress with the hope of getting a _________in the near future . She wants to become the manager of a fine restaurant someday.
2. Joseph was working during the day and attending college at night. He knew it would take a long time , but_________he would get a college degree 3. Nika was planning a surprise birthday party for her mother . She asked all the guests to keep it a _____________
4. Irene was a very___________ worker . Any task she had to do was completed on time and done well.
5. The_________________ _ vice president of the company had a very responsible job. He was in charge of every department of the store.
6. Benjamin received an award for his____________ behavior . He saved his neighbor's life by pulling her out of the river when she started to drown.
7. As a shy person , I always_____________people who are comfortable and at ease in social situations.
8. Nina was a little nervous about her job interview. She wanted to make a good_________, because she really wanted this job.
9. Doris didn't like to wear her eyeglasses, even though her_________is poor . She is getting a new pair of glasses; I hope she likes them better.
10.Stefan has a good_____________and makes up many fun games to play with his brother.
11. Evelyn decided to concentrate on her __________as an actress. She gave up plans for marriage and family temporarily.
12.Howard enjoyed reading_________________books to get away from real life for a while.
13.Chris was a very____________tennis player . She didn't try fancy ghost, but she always managed to get a good score.
14.The "doctor" was immediately fired from his job when they learned he was an ________ . He fooled many people in the hospital with his white jacket.
15. People began to realize that Paul was a______________. They were tired of his stories and stooped believing everything he said.
16.The selfish manager refused to____________________that other workers helped make the new shoe department successful

DEFINITIONS

WORK WITH A PARTNER

Working together , define the vocabulary words and write your definitions the blanks . Then practice the dialogue with your partner, using the appropriate words. The first one is done for you.

1. Phony not truthful not science

imagination nation of the mind
It's wonderful to have a good imagination . Sometimes it is the first step toward a new invitation.
For invitation , it's great. However, using the imagination to tell lies and be phony is not really advisable.

2. acknowledge ( verb ) acknowledgment (noun)

When Tully was discovered to be a phony, he made instant of the lies.

3. imagination (noun) Imaginary (adjective)
Tully's __________________created a whole new life for him. _____________________________________________



4. admire (verb ) admiration (noun )

Tully wanted_________________________ for his bravery and strength.
.______________________________________________________

5. secret ( adjective / noun ) secretive ( adjective )

Tully's actual past life was a _____________________________; he hold
everyone phony stories__________________________________________________


6. competent ( adjective ) completely ( adverb )
Although Tully told everyone imaginary stories for many years, he did it
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

7. fiction ( noun ) fictitious ( adjective )
Tully's employers never thought that his personal stories were
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

8. promote ( verb ) promotion ( noun )
From time to time , Tully would_________ himself in his fictional military service.
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

9. impress (verb) impression ( noun )

Tully wanted to_______________________________people that he was strong and
brave so he passed along imaginary stories about himself.
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

10. consistent (adjective) consistently (adverb)

In order to have people believe him, Tully had to be _____________________________
with his stories. ___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

REVIEW THE STORY

Circle the correct word that fits the sentence.


Early in life, Tully admired / acknowledged men who either were or looked strong and brave / consistent. Copying a movie actor , he took the name "Duke " for himself. In his imagination / impression, he thought it made him a tough man.

Later in life , he tried to join the Air Force but was not accepted because of poor vision / phony. He was very disappointed. He then started his fiction / career working for a newspaper. At one point, his brother was killed in the Marine Corps. That's when Tully started to create fiction / secrets about his own life in the Air Force. As he got promotion / vision on the job , he continued to be an secret / consistent with the details of his stories.
Phony / Eventually , Tully became an executive / impostor in the newspaper company . By that time , he was an officer who had earned medals in his phony / vision. Air Force experience. He gave many people the career / impression that he was a_brave officer .

One day , however, Tully's secret / imagination was out . A lawyer discovered the truth about him . Tully immediately acknowledge / eventually the truth and went into a hospital to get help for his problem.



UNIT 12
NOUN CLAUSES
7.1 NOUN CLAUSES : INTODUCTION

A noun is used or an object.
A noun clause is used as a subject or an object- In other words, a noun clause is used in the same wavs as a noun.

(a) His story was interesting.


(b) What he said was interesting.
In (a): story is a noun . It is used as the subject of the sentence.

In (b): what he said is a noun clause . It is used as Ihe subject of the sentence. The noun clause has its own subject (hcj and verb (said ).

(c ) T heard his story,


(d) I heard what he said
In (c ) : story is a noun . It is used as the object of the heard.

In (d ) : what he said is a noun clause . It is used as the object of the verb heard.

(I) question words:

when who
where whom
why what
how which
whose
(2) whether

if
(3) that




7-2 NOUN CLAUSBS, WHICH BEGIN WHIT A QUESTION WORD
I QUESTION NOUN CLAUSE
Where does she life? (a ) I don't know where she lives.
: What did he say ? (b) I couldn't hear what he said
When do they arrive? (c ) Do you know when they arrive?






S V S V
Who lives [here? (d) I don't know who lives there.
What happened? (e) Please tell me what happened.
Who is at the door? (f) 1 wonder who is at the door.


V S S V
Who is she ? (g) I don't know who she is.
Who are those men ? (h) I don't know who those men arc.
Whose house is that ? (1)1 wonder whose house that is.


What did she say? ( J) What he said surprised me.

should They do? (k ) What they should do is obvious
In (a); where she lives is the object of the verb know . Do not use question word order in a noun clause, fn a noun clause, the subject precedes the verb.
Notice: docs , did, and do are used in questions but in noun clause.

In (d): The word order is the same in both the question and the noun clause because who is the sutyectjn both.

In (g): she is the subject of the question, so it is placed in front of the verb be in (he noun clause,*


In (j); what he said is the subject of the sentence. Notice in (k) :A noun clause subject takes in singular verb (e, g, is).




Exercise 1: change the question in parentheses to a noun clause . [.(Howold is
1. (How old is he ?) I don't know _______________________
2. (What he was talking about?) ______________________interesting.
3. (Where do you live ?) please tell me__________________________
4. (What did she say?)____________________ wasn't true
5. (When are they coming?) Do you know_____________________?
6. (How much does it cost?) I can't remember _________________
7. (Which one does he want ?) Let's ask him ___________________
8. (Who is coming to the party?) I don' know ___________________
9. (Who are those people?) I don’t know____________________,
10. ('Whose pen is this ?) Do you know __________
11. (Why did they leave the country?)___________ is a secret
12. (What an: we doing in class?)_______ is easy.
13. (Where did she go?) ____________ is none of your business
14. (How many letters arc there in the English alphabet?) I don't remember. _____________________________________________________
15. (Who is the mayor of New York City?) I don't know _____________
16. (How old does a person have to be to get a drive's license.) I need to find out _________________________________________

Exercise 2 - ORAL ( BOOKS CLOSED ): Begin your response with " I don’t know ………….”


Example : what time is it ?

Response : I don't know what time it is.

1. Where does (...) live ?
2. What country is (...) from ?
3. How long has(...) been living here?
4. What is(.. .)'s telephone number?
5. Where is the post office?
6. How far is it to (Kansa City)?
7. Why is(...) absent?
8. Where is my book?
9. What kind of watch does(...) have ?
10.Why was(...) absent yesterday?
11 .Where did (...) go yesterday?
12.What is (...)'s favorite color?
13.How long has (...) been married?
14.How did (...) meet his wife / her husband ?
15.What is the capital of(Texas)?
16. What is the population of (Texas)?
17.Why was(...) late to class?
18.Why are we doing this exercise?
19.What kind of government does (Italy) have?
20.Where is(...) going to eat lunch/dinner?
21.Where does ( the semester) end ?
22.When does ( Thanksgiving) vacation start?
23.Where did (...) go after class yesterday?
24.Why is (...) smiling?
25.How many question have I asked in this exercise?
26.How often does(...) go to the library ?
27.Whose book is that?
28.How much did that book cost?


Exercise 3: Choose the latter of the phrase from the list that best completes each sentence. Use each phrase in the list only once.
A. affordable health care
B. by leaders who are committed to public service and hard work
C. efficiently
D. excellence in
E. in agriculture
F. integrity
G. provide quality education
H. to reduce health care costs
I. responsible
J. seeking practical solutions
K. tolerant of those who are weak
L. who finds a way to get the important jobs done

1. MR. Turner has had wide experience. He has worked in business. In the news media. And __________
2. Judge Holmes served the people of this country with impartiality. Ability and ____________________
3. The people want safe homes, good schools ,and__________
4. As a taxpayer ,1 want my money used wisely and __________
5. Mr. Adams is respected for researching issues and ____
6. Ms. Hunter has established a record of effective and ______ leadership in government
7. The challenges that face us today will not be met by politicians who focus on partisan bickering and political expediency but_______
8. Resolve to be tender with the young , compassionate with the aged , understanding of those who are wrong ,and_ . Sometime in life , you will have been all of these
9. Carol is a hard - working personnel manager who welcomes challenges and ____________
10. I will continue to fight for adequate funding of and _______ education
11. She has worked hard to control excess government spending , protect our environment, and ________
12. I see the need to eliminate unfair taxes, to improve the business climate, and ___________



8-2 USING PAIRED CONJUCTIONS:
BOTH.....AND; NOT ONLY.....BUT ALSO; ETHER.....OR;
NEITHER......... NOR*

(a) my sister is here both my mother and y sister are here
(b) Not only my mother but also my sister in ere
(c ) Not only sister but also my parents are here
(d) Neither my mother nor my sister Is here
(e) Neither my sister nor my parents are here.
Two subject connected by both... and take a plural verb.


When two subjects are connected by not only , but also, either ....or ,or neither ....nor, the subject that is closer to the verb determine whether the verb is singular or plural

(f) The research project will take both time and money.

(g) Yesterday it not only rained but (also) snowed

(h) I’ll take either chemistry or physics next quarter

(i) That book is neither interesting nor accurate
Notice the parallel structure in the example . The same grammatical from should follow each word of the pair.

In (f) : book + and + noun
In (g) : not only + verb+ but also+ verb
In (h): either + noun + or + noun
In (I ): neither ^adjective +nor+ adjective


Exercise 4: Supply is or are in the following.
1. Both the teacher and student ____________ here

2. Neither the teacher nor the student________ here
3. Not only the teacher but also the student___________ here
4. Not only the teacher but also the students _______________ here
5. Either the students or the teacher _______________planning to come
6. Either the teacher or the students____________ planning to come



Exercise 5- ERROR ANALYSIS : What is wrong with the following
sentence?

1. Either John will call Mary or Bob.
2. Not only Sue saw the mouse but also the cat
3. Both my mother talked to the teacher and my father

Exercise 6 -ORAL : Answer the questions. Used paired conjunctions. Use both..... and.
1. You have met his father. Have you meet his mother?
-- Yes, I have met both his father and his mother.
2. The drive was injured in the accident. Was the passenger injured in the accident ?
3. Wheat is grow in Kansas. Is corn grow in Kansas ?
4. He busy used cars . Does he sell used cars?
5. You had lunch with your friends. Did you dinner with them ?
6. The city suffers from air pollution . Does it suffer from water pollution? Use not only ...... but also.
7. I know you are studying math. Are you studying chemistry too?
- Yes, I'm studying not only math but also chemistry.
8. I know his cousin is living with him . Is his mother -in- law- living with him too?
9. I know your country has good Universities. Does the United State have
good universities too?
10. I know you lost your wallet. Did you lose your keys too?
11. I know she goes to school . Does she have full- time job too?
12. I know he bought a coat. Did he buy a new pair of shoes too?

Use either .....or
13 John has your book , or Mary has your book. Is that right?
- Yes, either John or Mary has my book.
14. You're going to give your friend a book for her birthday , or you're going to give her a pen . Is that right?
15. Your sister will meet you at the airport, or your brother will meet you there. Right?
16. They can go swimming , or they can play tennis . Is that right?


17. You're going to vote for Mr. Smith ,or you're going to vote for Mr. Jones. Right?
18. You'll go to New Orleans for your vacation , or you'll go (o Miami, Right?

Use neither .... Nor
19. He doesn't like coffee. Does he like tea? - No, he like's neither coffee nor tea
20. Her husband doesn't speak English. Do her children speak English? 21 .The students aren't wide-awake today. Is the teacher wide awake today?
22. They don't have a refrigerator for their new apartment. Do they have a
stove?
23. She doesn't enjoy hunting . Does she enjoy fishing? 24.The result wasn't good. Was the result bad?

Exercise 7: Combine the following into sentences that contain parallel structure . Use appropriate paired conjunctions: both... and; not only..... but also; either.. ..or; neither..... .nor.
1. He does not have a pen . He does not have paper. - He has neither a pen nor paper
2. Ron enjoys horseback riding. Bob enjoys horseback ridding.
3. You can have tea, or you can have coffee
4. Arthur is not in class today. Ricardo is not class today.
5. Arthur is absent. Ricardo is absent
6. We can fix dinner for them here, or we can take them to a restaurant.
7. She wants to buy a Chevrolet, or she wants to buy a Toyota
8. The leopard faces extinction .The tiger faces extinction
9. The library does not have the book I need . The bookstore does not have the book I need.
10. We could fly, or we could take the train
11 . The president's assistant will not confirm the story . The president's
assistant will not deny the story.
12. Coal is an irreplaceable natural resource. Oil is an irreplaceable natural
resource.
13. Small pox is a dangerous disease . Malaria is a dangerous disease.



14. Her roomers don't know where she is . Her brother doesn't know where she is.
15. According to the news report, it will show tonight, or it will rain tonight
16. Some people collect butterflies for a hobby these collectors capture them with a net and put them in ajar that has poison in the dead butterflies are then mounted on a broad.
17. The sight of a butterfly floating from flower to flower on a warm sunny day brightens anyone's heart a butterfly is a charming and gentle creature.
18. When cold weather comes some butterflies travels great distances to reach tropical climates.
19. Butterflies are admired throughout the world because they are beautiful they can found on every continent except Antarctica.

8-4 ADVERB CLAUSES : INTRODUCTION

(a) When we were in New York, we saw several plays

(b) We saw several plays, when we are in New York. When we are in New York is an adverb clause . It is a dependent clause .It cannot stand alone as a sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.

Punctuation: When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause , as in (a) , a comma is used to separate the clauses. When the adverb clause follow, as in (b). usually no comma used.

(c) Because he was sleepy , he went to bed

(d) He went to bed because he was sleepy.
Like when , because introduces an adverb clause . Because he was sleepy is an adverb clause.

SUMMARY LIST OF WORDS USED TO INTRODUCE ADVERB CLAUSES*
TIME CAUSE AND EFFECT OPPOSITION CONDITION
AFTER BECAUSE EVEN TOUGH IF




BEFORE

WHEN

WHILE OR NOT

SINCE

NOW THAT

AS

ALTHOUGH

THOUGH



UNLESS

ONLY IF

WEATHER


BY THE TIME ( THAT) AS /SO LONG AS

SINCE IN AS MUCH AS

PROVIDING(THAT)

UNTIL (THAT) WHILE PROVIDED

AS SOON AS SO ( THAT)

ONCE IN OTHER THAT IN THE EVENT ( THAT)

AS SO LONG AS

WHENEVER

EVERY TIME( THAT)

THE FIRST TIME(THAT)

THE LAST TIME (THAT)

THE NEXT TIME(THAT)

8-5 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIPS
after
(a) After the graduates, she will get a job
(b) After she (had) graduate, she got a job
A present tense, not a future tense is used in a verb clause of time. Notice examples (b) and(d). (See chartl.2t for tense usage in future