NEXT UNIT 2

time clauses)
before (c ) I will leave before he comes.
(d) I (had) left before he comes.
when (e) When I arrived, he
was talking on the
phone.
(f) When I got there, he
had already left.
(g) When it began to
, I stood under a tree.
(h) When I was in
Chicago, I visited the
museums.
(I) When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him. When- at that time ( Notice the different time relationship expressed by the tense
While
as (j) While I was talking home, it began to rain
(k) As I was walking home, it began to rain While ,as - during that time
By the time (L) By the time he arrived, we had already left.
(m) By the time he comes, we will already have left. By the time- one event is completed before another event
(Notice the use of the past perfect and future perfect in the main clause.)
since (n) I haven't seen him since he left this morning Since- from that time in the present
(Notice: The present perfect tense is used in
the main clause.
Until till (o) We stayed there until we finished our work
(p) We stayed there till we finished our work Until, till- to that time and then no longer (Till is used primarily in speaking rather than writing)
As soon as once (q) As soon as it stops raining ,we will leave
( r) Once it stops raining ,we will leave As soon as, once- when one event happens, another event happens soon afterwards
As long as So long as (s) I will never speak to him again as long as I live
(t) I will never speak to him again so long as I live. As long as, so long as-during all the time , from beginning to end
Whenever Every time (u) Whenever I see her, I say hello
(v) Every time I see her I say hello Whenever- every time
.The first time The last time The next time (w) The first time I went to New York I went to an opera
(x) I saw two plays the last time I went to New York
(y) The next time I go to New York , I'm going to see a ballet. Adverb clauses can be introduced by the following:
C First^
secondly theS third [time
^ last






Exercise 8: Complete the following . Pay special attention to verbs tenses
1. Last night I went to bed after I my homework
2. Tonight I will go to bed after I my homework
3. Ever since I was a child ,1 afraid of dogs
4. Jane's contact lens popped out while she basketball.
5. Be sure to reread your composition for errors before you it in to the teacher tomorrow
6. By the time I left my apartment this morning . the mail carrier the mail
7. I have know Jim Bates since he ten years old
8. A black cat ran across the road as I my
car to work this morning
9. By the time I leave this city, I here for
four months
10. Whenever Mark angry> his nose gets red
11.1 to the beach whenever the
weather was nice , but now I don't have time to do that because I have to study.
12. We will have a big party when
13.The next time I to Hawaii, I'm going o
visit Mauna Loa, the world's largest volcano
14.1 had fried chicken the last time I at that
restaurant.
weather is usually used if the preposition phrase the subject an verb of independent clause
TRANSITION (e) It was hot.
Therefore, we went
swimming.
(f) It was hot. We
therefore, went
swimming
(g) It was hot . We
went swimming ,
therefore. A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair. Shows the relationship of the second idea to the first idea. A transition is movable within the second sentence.
Punctuation: A period is used to separate the clause. * A comma may NOT be used to separate the clauses. Commas are usually used to set transition off from the rest of the sentence
CONJUCTION (h) It was hot, so we went swimming A conjunction comes between two independent clauses.
Punctuation : usually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction





Exercise 9: Using the given words , combine the following two ideas We postponed our trip . The weather was bad
1. because - We postponed our trip because the weather was bad _ Because the weather was bad , we postponed our trip
2. Therefore
3. since
4. so
5. because of
6. consequently
7. due to (the fact that)
Exercise 10: Using the given words, combine the following two ideas , She missed class. She was ill
1. because of
2. because
3. consequently
4. so
5. due to (the fact that)
6. therefore

8-10 OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT: SUCH
THAT AND SO THAT

(a) Because the weather was
nice, we went to the zoo.
(b) It was such nice weather that
we went to the zoo.
(c) The weather was so nice that
we went to zoo. Examples (a) , (b ) , and (c) have the same meaning.
(d) It was such good coffee that I had another cup Such that encloses a modified
noun: